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국제학술지

공지 (2026. 6. 1.)

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Influence of transboundary air pollutants from China on the high-PM10 episode in Seoul, Korea for the period October...

This study examines the extraordinarily long-lasting episode of high concentrations of particulate matter with diameter <10 μm (PM10) in Seoul, Korea over the period October 16–20, 2008. The concentration of PM10 increased up to 197.2 μg m−3 and continually stayed above the daily environmental control standard value (100 μg m−3) for the period. Satellite retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) showed pronounced transport of aerosols from China to the Korean peninsula prior to the high-PM10 episode. The updraft of air pollutants from the source region in China, transport by westerlies, and subsequent descent to Seoul metropolitan regions are examined in the context of horizontal and vertical airflows. The connection between PM10 concentration over the Chinese source region and the Seoul target area is verified by wind back trajectory analysis. The meteorological conditions favorable for maintenance of the high PM10 levels are investigated through the analysis of weather maps and low-level stability. In this high-PM10 episode, the stagnant high-pressure system over Korea may play a decisive role in the descent and accumulation of air pollutants. The influence of transboundary air pollutants from China on the air quality in Korea and relevant meteorological environment found in the present study will provide a theoretical underpinning to potential cooperation between East Asian countries in monitoring and controlling atmospheric conditions.
- 작성자Lee et al.
- 작성일2024.08.28
- 조회수174
- 2013
Estimation of aerosol direct radiative effects for all-sky conditions from CERES and MODIS observations

Satellite observations have shown the global average of the aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE) at the top of the atmosphere to be approximately −5.0 W m−2. Although there is a general consensus on this quantity, it is essentially biased toward clear-sky conditions. To circumvent this limitation, the present study introduces a new method for retrieving the global DRE of aerosol over the region of 60°S–60°N for all-sky conditions (both clear and cloudy skies). The all-sky DRE was calculated on a monthly basis by combining the measured DRE for a clear sky and the simulated DRE for a cloudy sky in 1°×1° grids. For the measured clear-sky DRE, we employed aerosol, cloud, and radiation fluxes from the Cloud and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite for May 2000–December 2005. For the simulated cloudy-sky DRE, we performed radiative transfer modeling with the MODIS cloud properties in addition to the aerosol optical properties independently estimated in this study that include asymmetry factor and single scattering albedo. The results show that the global mean±standard deviation of DRE for the all-sky scene is −3.1±1.0 W m−2, which is weaker than that for the clear-sky only. This is in good agreement with the global estimates from previous studies based on different methods. The main advantage of our method is near-real-time estimation of monthly global all-sky DRE that has physical consistency with the CERES data.
- 작성자Oh et al.
- 작성일2024.08.28
- 조회수238
- 2013
Critical role of northern off-equatorial sea surface temperature forcing associated with central Pacific El Niño in...

Observational records reveal that the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) approaching East Asia in July–October is positively correlated with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial and northern off-equatorial central Pacific (CP) oceans, indicating the significant impact of CP El Niño (CP-EN). Through experiments using a Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model–based regional climate model, this study demonstrates that it is northern off-equatorial CP warming, rather than equatorial CP warming, that effectively induces local anomalous steering flows pertinent to the observed increase in TC activity over East Asia during CP-EN. Sensitivity experiments, in which the prescribed CP-EN-related SST anomaly is confined near the equator, do not capture the observed TC increase over East Asia, whereas those including the off-equatorial region successfully reproduce observed atmospheric and TC variabilities. The off-equatorial CP SST anomaly acts to expand the anomalous cyclonic response in the Philippine Sea farther northward. This produces a tunnel effect in the East China Sea, by which more TCs move to East Asian coastal regions (e.g., east China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan).
- 작성자Jin et al.
- 작성일2024.08.28
- 조회수144
- 2013
Comments on “Direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols over oceans from satellite observation

Previous observational studies have estimated anthropogenic aerosol direct radiative forcing over oceans without due consideration of cloudy-sky aerosols. However, when interaction between clouds and aerosols located below or above the cloud level is taken into account, the aerosol direct radiative forcing is larger by as much as 5 W m−2 in most mid-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere.
- 작성자Oh et al.
- 작성일2024.08.28
- 조회수158
- 2013
Changes in the linear relationship of ENSO-PDO under the global warming

We examine changes in El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO)/Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) relationship under the global warming using coupled climate models participated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). The temporal structure for the ENSO–PDO relationship is changed remarkably. The relationship between ENSO and PDO during the boreal winter (December, January and February) becomes stronger so that there would be more frequent in phase occurrence of ENSO and PDO (i.e. El Niño—a positive phase of PDO or La Niña—a negative phase of PDO). As PDO could constructively interfere with the ENSO-related climate when ENSO and PDO are in phase, in the future one may expect stronger climate signal because of ENSO in the midlatitude. The IPCC AR4 model also shows that the Pacific North America-like pattern is slightly shifted eastward and much stronger. We also discuss the possible reason for these changes.
- 작성자Kwon et al.
- 작성일2024.08.28
- 조회수216
- 2013
2010 western North Pacific typhoon season: Seasonal overview and forecast using track-pattern-based model

Abstract: Fourteen named tropical cyclones (TCs) formed in the western North Pacific (WNP) in 2010, representing the lowest count since 1951. Both low activity during the typhoon season (June–October) and quiescence during the pre- and posttyphoon seasons were major contributing factors. Despite overall low activity, TC activity along land boundaries was enhanced because the overall genesis locations of TCs shifted to the north and west and a majority of them affected the coastal countries in the WNP. These features are attributed to the expansion of the subtropical high and weakening of the monsoon trough associated with the rapid transition of the 2009/10 El Niño to the 2010/11 La Niña. The National Typhoon Center (NTC) in South Korea utilizes the recently developed track-pattern-based model of the hybrid statistical–dynamical type as the operational long-range TC forecast system. This model fairly forecast the anomalous spatial distribution of TC track density for the 2010 typhoon season. A higher-than-normal track density was successfully forecast near Korea and Japan. This is attributed to the overall skillful forecast of TC count for each pattern by the NTC model, though some deficiencies in forecasting extremes for some patterns are evident. The total seasonal genesis frequency integrated over the seven patterns is well below normal (about 16.4) close to the observations. The fair predictability in 2010 using the NTC model is attributed to the skillful forecast of the ENSO transition by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s Climate Forecast System, in addition to the validity of the NTC model itself.
- 작성자Kim et al.
- 작성일2024.09.04
- 조회수152
- 2012
Assessment of the changes in extreme vulnerability over East Asia due to global warming

Abstract: A number of indices have been employed to describe weather extremes on the basis of climate regimes and public concerns. In this study, we combined these traditional indices into four groups according to whether they relate to warm (Twarm), cold (Tcold), wet (Pwet), or dry (Pdry) extremes. Analysis of the combined indices calculated for the daily temperatures and precipitation at 750 meteorological stations in Korea, China, and Japan for 1960s–2000s shows increasing trends in Twarm and Pdry events and decreasing trends in Tcold events in recent decades, particularly in the northern part of East Asia. A notable regional variation is an increase in the Pwet events in the Korean Peninsula. We applied the same analysis to a 200-year global climate model simulation for 1900–2099 using the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Community Climate System Model 3. During the 20th century, the changes in Twarm and Tcold calculated from the model data are largely consistent with those calculated from the observations, especially in northern East Asia. The model projections for the 21st century indicate statistically significant increasing Twarm and decreasing Tcold trends in extreme events over the region. Results obtained from historical archives and model simulations using our combined weather extreme indices suggest that northern East Asia will be subject to increased warm and dry extremes and the Korea Peninsula will experience more wet extremes.
- 작성자Lee et al.
- 작성일2024.09.04
- 조회수160
- 2012
Evaluating observed and projected future climate changes for the Arctic using Köppen-Trewartha climate classification

Abstract: The ecosystems in the Arctic region are known to be very sensitive to climate changes. The accelerated warming for the past several decades has profoundly influenced the lives of the native populations and ecosystems in the Arctic. Given that the Köppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate classification is based on reliable variations of land-surface types (especially vegetation), this study used the K-T scheme to evaluate climate changes and their impact on vegetation for the Arctic (north of 50°N) by analyzing observations as well as model simulations for the period 1900–2099. The models include 16 fully coupled global climate models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment. By the end of this century, the annual-mean surface temperature averaged over Arctic land regions is projected to increase by 3.1, 4.6 and 5.3°C under the Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES) B1, A1b, and A2 emission scenarios, respectively. Increasing temperature favors a northward expansion of temperate climate (i.e., Dc and Do in the K-T classification) and boreal oceanic climate (i.e., Eo) types into areas previously covered by boreal continental climate (i.e., Ec) and tundra; and tundra into areas occupied by permanent ice. The tundra region is projected to shrink by −1.86 × 106 km2 (−33.0%) in B1, −2.4 × 106 km2 (−42.6%) in A1b, and −2.5 × 106 km2 (−44.2%) in A2 scenarios by the end of this century. The Ec climate type retreats at least 5° poleward of its present location, resulting in −18.9, −30.2, and −37.1% declines in areal coverage under the B1, A1b and A2 scenarios, respectively. The temperate climate types (Dc and Do) advance and take over the area previously covered by Ec. The area covered by Dc climate expands by 4.61 × 106 km2 (84.6%) in B1, 6.88 × 106 km2 (126.4%) in A1b, and 8.16 × 106 km2 (149.6%) in A2 scenarios. The projected redistributions of K-T climate types also differ regionally. In northern Europe and Alaska, the warming may cause more rapid expansion of temperate climate types. Overall, the climate types in 25, 39.1, and 45% of the entire Arctic region are projected to change by the end of this century under the B1, A1b, and A2 scenarios, respectively. Because the K-T climate classification was constructed on the basis of vegetation types, and each K-T climate type is closely associated with certain prevalent vegetation species, the projected large shift in climate types suggests extensive broad-scale redistribution of prevalent ecoregions in the Arctic. Full title: Evaluating observed and projected future climate changes for the Arctic using the Köppen-Trewartha climate classification
- 작성자Feng et al.
- 작성일2024.09.04
- 조회수144
- 2012
Greening in the circumpolar high-latitude may amplify warming in the growing season

Abstract: We present a study that suggests greening in the circumpolar high-latitude regions amplifies surface warming in the growing season (May–September) under enhanced greenhouse conditions. The investigation used a series of climate simulations with the Community Atmospheric Model version 3—which incorporates a coupled, dynamic global vegetation model—with and without vegetation feedback, under both present and doubled CO2 concentrations. Results indicate that climate warming and associated changes promote circumpolar greening with northward expansion and enhanced greenness of both the Arctic tundra and boreal forest regions. This leads to additional surface warming in the high-latitudes in the growing season, primarily through more absorption of incoming solar radiation. The resulting surface and tropospheric warming in the high-latitude and Arctic regions weakens prevailing tropospheric westerlies over 45–70N, leading to the formation of anticyclonic pressure anomalies in the Arctic regions. These pressure anomalies resemble the anomalous circulation pattern during the negative phase of winter Arctic Oscillation. It is suggested that these circulation anomalies reinforce the high-latitude and Arctic warming in the growing season. --- Published online: 26 July 2011
- 작성자Jeong et al.
- 작성일2024.09.04
- 조회수164
- 2012
Low-frequency variability of TC-induced heavy rainfall over East Asia associated with tropical and North Pacific SSTs

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between tropical cyclone (TC)–induced heavy rainfall over East Asia (EA) and large-scale climate variability during June–October for the period of 1961–2005. An empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to the seasonal-total TC-induced heavy rainfall obtained in meteorological stations over EA. The first leading mode shows a dipole pattern between South China (SC) and Northeast Asia (NEA; i.e., Southeast-East China, Taiwan, and Japan). This dipole pattern is found to be associated with the two modes of sea surface temperature (SST) variations over the Pacific: one in the tropical Pacific, and the other spanning from EA to the North Pacific Ocean. The former is located in the NINO4 region, while the latter is characterized by the North Pacific center of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The dipole mode is generally well explained by the combined NINO4 and PDO impacts on TC tracks. During positive NINO4, cyclonic steering flows appear over inshore Southeast China, which increases recurving TCs. Meanwhile, the midlatitude North Pacific SST warming during negative PDO is overlaid by the barotropic anticyclone. The anomalous steering easterlies along 20°–40°N related to the anticyclone increase TC occurrence toward Southeast-East China and Taiwan. Furthermore, the precipitable water greatly increases in the midlatitude ocean during negative PDO years, which may help to enhance the rainfall amount while TCs approach Japan. To sum up, in a climatological sense, the first mode of TC-induced heavy rainfall over EA can be interpreted by the combined variations of negative (positive) PDO with positive (negative) NINO4. Full title: Low-frequency variability of tropical cyclone-induced heavy rainfall over East Asia associated with tropical and North Pacific sea surface temperatures
- 작성자Lee et al.
- 작성일2024.09.04
- 조회수142
- 2012