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국제학술지

공지 (2025. 10. 28.)

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Roughness length of water vapor over land surfaces and its influence on latent heat flux

Abstract: Latent heat flux at the surface is largely dependent on the roughness length for water vapor (z0q). The determination of z0q is still uncertain because of its multifaceted characteristics of surface properties, atmospheric conditions and insufficient observations. In this study, observed values from the Fluxes Over Snow Surface II field experiment (FLOSS-II) from November 2002 to March 2003 were utilized to estimate z0q over various land surfaces: bare soil, snow, and senescent grass. The present results indicate that the estimated z0q over bare soil is much smaller than the roughness length of momentum (z0m); thus, the ratio z0m/z0q is larger than those of previous studies by a factor of 20 - 150 for the available flow regime of the roughness Reynolds number, Re* > 0.1. On the snow surface, the ratio is comparable to a previous estimation for the rough flow (Re* > 1), but smaller by a factor of 10 - 50 as the flow became smooth (Re* < 1). Using the estimated ratio, an optimal regression equation of z0m/z0q is determined as a function of Re* for each surface type. The present parameterization of the ratio is found to greatly reduce biases of latent heat flux estimation compared with that estimated by the conventional method, suggesting the usefulness of current parameterization for numerical modeling.
- 작성자Park et al.
- 작성일2024.06.19
- 조회수65
- 2010
Satellite retrievals of (quasi-)spherical particles at cold temperatures

Abstract: Measurements from NASA's A-train satellites indicate that spherical or quasi-spherical particles may constitute up to 30% of the total cloud particles at temperatures below −30°C, and up to 10% even for temperatures below −40°C, the temperature range typically found in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Current climate models calculate cloud radiative forcing on the basis on an assumption that essentially no spherical or quasi-spherical particles exist below −40°C (even below −15°C). The findings in this study show that this widely used assumption in climate models may need re-examination. Further research is also needed to confirm and quantify these findings, especially improvements in the satellite retrievals of cloud particle shapes that, in the mean, currently contain about 10% uncertainties.
- 작성자Choi et al.
- 작성일2024.06.19
- 조회수92
- 2010
Seasonal prediction of summertime tropical cyclone activity over the East China Sea using the least absolute deviation..

Abstract: In the present study, we have employed two statistical models to predict summertime (July–September) tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the East China Sea using the least absolute deviation (LAD) regression and the Poisson regression method. Through a lagged correlation analysis of the relationship between the seasonal TC frequency in the target region and several pre-season environmental parameters for the period 1979–2003, physically interpretable and statistically significant large-scale environmental parameters were identified as potential predictors. After applying the predictor screening method based on the stepwise regression, three predictors, i.e. sea surface temperature, outgoing long-wave radiation and 850-hPa relative vorticity were finally chosen. They are related to the phase transition of El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the strength of the western North Pacific summer monsoon. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed frequency is 0.75 for the LAD model and 0.78 for the Poisson model. The predictions using the two models have a skill improvement of about 60% compared to the reference forecasts. The present study suggests that both models are skillful in predicting summertime TC frequency over the East China Sea with the Poisson model being slightly more skillful than the LAD model. Full title: Seasonal prediction of summertime tropical cyclone activity over the East China Sea using the least absolute deviation regression and the Poisson regression
- 작성자Kim et al.
- 작성일2024.06.19
- 조회수66
- 2010
Space observations of cold-cloud phase change

Abstract: This study examines the vertically resolved cloud measurements from the cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization instrument on Aqua satellite from June 2006 through May 2007 to estimate the extent to which the mixed cloud-phase composition can vary according to the ambient temperature, an important concern for the uncertainty in calculating cloud radiative effects. At -20 °C, the global average fraction of supercooled clouds in the total cloud population is found to be about 50% in the data period. Between -10 and -40 °C, the fraction is smaller at lower temperatures. However, there are appreciable regional and temporal deviations from the global mean (> ± 20%) at the isotherm. In the analysis with coincident dust aerosol data from the same instrument, it appears that the variation in the supercooled cloud fraction is negatively correlated with the frequencies of dust aerosols at the -20 °C isotherm. This result suggests a possibility that dust particles lifted to the cold cloud layer effectively glaciate supercooled clouds. Observations of radiative flux from the clouds and earth’s radiant energy system instrument aboard Terra satellite, as well as radiative transfer model simulations, show that the 20% variation in the supercooled cloud fraction is quantitatively important in cloud radiative effects, especially in shortwave, which are 10 - 20 W m-2 for regions of mixed-phase clouds affected by dust. In particular, our results demonstrate that dust, by glaciating supercooled water, can decrease albedo, thus compensating for the increase in albedo due to the dust aerosols themselves. This has important implications for the determination of climate sensitivity.
- 작성자Choi et al.
- 작성일2024.06.19
- 조회수63
- 2010
Spatial interpolation of daily precipitation in China: 1951-2005

Abstract: Climate research relies heavily on good quality instrumental data; for modeling efforts gridded data are needed. So far, relatively little effort has been made to create gridded climate data for China. This is especially true for high-resolution daily data. This work, focuses on identifying an accurate method to produce gridded daily precipitation in China based on the observed data at 753 stations for the period 1951–2005. Five interpolation methods, including ordinary nearest neighbor, local polynomial, radial basis function, inverse distance weighting, and ordinary kriging, have been used and compared. Cross-validation shows that the ordinary kriging based on seasonal semi-variograms gives the best performance, closely followed by the inverse distance weighting with a power of 2. Finally the ordinary kriging is chosen to interpolate the station data to a 18 km× 18 km grid system covering the whole country. Precipitation for each 0.5° × 0.5° latitude-longitude block is then obtained by averaging the values at the grid nodes within the block. Owing to the higher station density in the eastern part of the country, the interpolation errors are much smaller than those in the west (west of 100°E). Excluding 145 stations in the western region, the daily, monthly, and annual relative mean absolute errors of the interpolation for the remaining 608 stations are 74%, 29%, and 16%, respectively. The interpolated daily precipitation has been made available on the internet for the scientific community.
- 작성자Chen et al.
- 작성일2024.06.19
- 조회수82
- 2010
Adaptive change in intra-winter distribution of relatively cold events to East Asian warming

Abstract: For the past few decades, daily winter temperatures over East Asia have been higher and less variable. Generally, these simple temperature-distribution shifts should lead to a decrease in the occurrence of cold extremes, but observations of the changes in the extremes are often complicated. In the present study, the change in the occurrence of relatively cold events (daily temperature anomaly, ≤ -2σ for that season) in each winter monsoon over East Asia was examined using ground observations of daily temperature for the period 1954 - 2006. The time-mean temperature for each winter was subtracted to remove the interannual variability and long-term trend. Our analyses reveal that the intraseasonal temperature distribution over East Asia has changed with a negative skew, and the frequency of the relatively cold events has slightly increased (by 0.09 days per decade) over the past few decades, on an average, for the entire analysis domain (east of 105°E, 122 stations). In particular, the increase occurs more dominantly (82% of the total stations) in regions north of 40°N where a stronger warming has progressed. The frequency of relatively cold events is found to be significantly correlated with the variance of the Siberian high and the mean of the Arctic Oscillation. The increasing trend in the frequency of relatively cold events may serve to partly countervail the decrease (-1.12 days per decade) in the frequency of absolute cold events (daily temperature anomaly, ≤ -2σ overall) across the entire observation period.
- 작성자Choi et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수62
- 2009
Arctic and Antarctic Oscillation signatures in tropical coral proxies over the South China Sea

Abstract: Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) are the leading modes of atmospheric circulation in mid-high latitudes. Previous studies have revealed that the climatic influences of the two modes are dominant in extra-tropical regions. This study finds that AO and AAO signals are also well recorded in coral proxies in the tropical South China Sea. There are significant interannual signals of AO and AAO in the strontium (Sr) content, which represents the sea surface temperature (SST). Among all the seasons, the most significant correlation occurs during winter in both hemispheres: the strongest AO-Sr and AAO-Sr coral correlations occur in January and August, respectively. This study also determined that the Sr content lags behind AO and AAO by 1–3 months. Large-scale anomalies in sea level pressure and horizontal wind at 850 hPa level support the strength of AO/AAO-coral teleconnections. In addition, a comparison with oxygen isotope records from two coral sites in neighboring oceans yields significant AO and AAO signatures with similar time lags. These results help to better understand monsoon climates and their teleconnection to high-latitude climate changes.
- 작성자Gong et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수83
- 2009
Estimates of ground-level aerosol mass concentrations using a chemical transport model with MODIS aerosol observations..

Abstract: We estimate ground-level mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 and 10 μm in diameter, respectively) for 2001 using a global chemical transport model with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals. Our method improves on previous techniques by using a new satellite product (fine-mode fraction (FMF)) and is applied to East Asia, where such an approach has not previously been attempted. We evaluate the method by comparing the PM estimates with the observations from Air Quality System sites and Acid Deposition Monitoring Network sites across East Asia. The spatial patterns of the annual and seasonal means of the estimated PM10 concentrations are in better agreement with the observations than the results of the model alone. The PM2.5 estimates based on both MODIS AOD and FMF data show considerable improvement relative to those using AOD data alone or simply the model and are in better agreement with the observations at three available sites in Korea and Japan. The greatest improvement is found in the cases where the model significantly underestimates the data. Our best estimates of the annual mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations over East Asia are 14.7 and 71.2 μg m−3, respectively. However, the uncertainties in our PM2.5 and PM10 estimates are up to 2.5 and 20 μg m−3, respectively. Full title: Estimates of ground-level aerosol mass concentrations using a chemical transport model with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol observations over East Asia
- 작성자Choi et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수61
- 2009
Estimating bulk optical properties of aerosols over the western North Pacific by using MODIS and CERES measurements

Abstract: Over the western North Pacific, a large amount of land aerosols from Asian-Pacific countries is transported by the prevailing westerlies. This transport makes the radiative characteristics of these aerosols diverse, particularly when one compares those characteristics over the coastal sea with those over the open sea. In this paper we discuss a method that uses satellite data to obtain the single-scattering albedo (ω) and asymmetry factor (g) of atmospheric aerosols for two large-scale subdivisions—the coastal sea (within 250 km from the coast) and the open sea (the remaining area)—over the western North Pacific (110°E–180°, 20°N–50°N). Our estimation method uses satellite measurements, obtained over a six-year period (2000–2005), of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and shortwave fluxes at both the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA); the measurements are obtained using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). For the two subdivisions, the estimated annual means of (ω, g) at 630 nm are significantly different: (0.94, 0.65) over the coastal sea and (0.97, 0.70) over the open sea. From a quantitative viewpoint, this result indicates that in comparison with aerosols over the open sea, those over the coastal sea show greater absorption and lesser forward scattering of solar radiation. The estimated optical properties are responsible for the aerosol surface cooling observed by MODIS and CERES, which is approximately 138 and 108 W m−2 per AOD over the coastal sea and open sea, respectively.
- 작성자Choi et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수59
- 2009
Flux-gradient relationship of water vapor in the surface layer obtained from CASES-99 experiment

Abstract: The flux-gradient relationship of water vapor Φq was obtained from the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99) field experiment, which was conducted on a flat and grassy field in the southeastern part of Kansas, USA, during October 1999. The CASES-99 data include turbulence measurements of wind, temperature, and vapor density along with their time-averaged values at various levels above the ground. Quality control of the data on the turbulent wind velocity, sonic temperature, and vapor density was performed prior to flux calculation. The turbulent sensible heat and latent heat fluxes were calculated using a 30-min window, and they were subsequently corrected and checked for the fulfillment of the steady state and for turbulence intensity. Weak fluxes and through-tower wind data were also excluded from the analysis. Vertical gradients of the mean values were obtained by differentiating functions fitted to the measured mean profiles. It was found that Φq is comparable to ΦT for weakly stable stratification and less than ΦT for strongly stable stratification. On the contrary, Φq was found to be larger than ΦT by approximately 20% for the neutral and unstable stratifications. The best fitting functions for water vapor are found to be Φq = 1.21(1 − 13.1z/L)−1/2 and Φq = 1.21(1 + 60.4z/L)−1/3 for the unstable and stable stratifications, respectively.
- 작성자Park et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수249
- 2009
Increase in vegetation greenness and decrease in springtime warming over East Asia

Abstract: This study investigates the impact of increased vegetation greening on the springtime temperature over east Asia for 1982–2000. An analysis of station-based temperature records and satellite-measure normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) indicates that slight warming (<0.4°C 10-yr−1) occurred over regions that experienced large increase in NDVI (≥0.08 10-yr−1). On the contrary, strong warming (≥0.8°C 10-yr−1) occurred over regions that exhibited minor changes in NDVI (<0.04 10-yr−1). For the most part, this inverse NDVI–temperature relationship observed with the daily maximum temperature. Thus, it is suggested that the decrease in warming was mostly attributable to the increase in evapotranspiration associated with increased vegetation greening. Earlier vegetation growth may have further strengthened the effect of this vegetation–evaporation on spring temperature.
- 작성자Jeong et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수60
- 2009
Influence of stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation on tropical cyclone tracks in the western North Pacific

Abstract: The possible influence of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on tropical cyclone (TC) passages in the western North Pacific (WNP) is examined using TC data recorded by the Tokyo Typhoon Center and the QBO index derived from reanalysis data. The influence is observed to be significant. The number of TCs approaching the East China Sea is large during the westerly phase of the QBO; however, during the easterly phase, the number of TCs approaching the eastern offshore of Japan is large. This difference in the TC tracks is found to be related to the background flow change associated with the QBO. However, the total number of TC events over the WNP and the sum of the number of TCs approaching the aforementioned two regions appear to be unrelated to the QBO phases.
- 작성자Ho et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수69
- 2009
Long-term changes in summer weekend effect over northeastern China and the connection with regional warming

Abstract: The 7-day cycle of human activities may lead to the “weekend effect” in climate variables and air pollutants. The weekend effect is defined as the average value (e.g., the diurnal temperature range) for Saturday through Monday minus the average value for Wednesday through Friday. A composite of the ground observations over northeastern China presents that, during 26-year (1980–2005) summers, the weekend effect in the diurnal temperature range increased by 1.2°C. Conversely, the weekend effects in the relative humidity, cloud amount, and light rain (≤5 mm day−1) events decreased. These changes are due to a shifted phase of the weekly cycle of the meteorological variables. The long-term change in weekend effects have a high correlation coefficient (∣r∣ ≈ 0.8) with the decrease in relative humidity over the region, which is likely induced by regional warming. The results suggest that regional warming is a possible factor in a transition of dominant aerosol effects in the weekend effect.
- 작성자Ho et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수55
- 2009
Reduction of spring warming over East Asia associated with vegetation feedback

Abstract: Over East Asia, surface air temperature displays a significant increasing trend particularly in early months of the year for the period of 1982–2000. Warming per decade is strongest in late winter, 1.5°C in February and 1.1°C in March, but is significantly reduced in spring, 0.4°C in April and 0.1°C in May. During the analysis period, the reduced temperature increase from late winter to spring is found to be in contrast with the increased vegetation greenness derived from the satellite-measured leaf area index over the domain. We examined this inverse relationship using two climate model experiments— coupled with and without a dynamic vegetation model. In both experiments, strong warming in winter is relatively well reproduced, but weak warming in spring is observed only in the coupled experiment. Analysis of the surface energy budget indicates that weaker spring warming results from an evaporative cooling effect due to the increased vegetation greenness. Over East Asia, the vegetation-evaporation feedback, therefore, may produce seasonal asymmetry in the warming trend.
- 작성자Jeong et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수166
- 2009
Seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone frequency over the East China Sea through a Bayesian Poisson-regression method

Abstract: In this study, a Bayesian method has been used to predict the seasonal number of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the East China Sea (25°N–35°N, 120°E–130°E). The method considers two periods each year and provides several different predictions of the number of TCs that will enter the target area during a typhoon season, assigning a probability value to indicate the likelihood of each prediction. The method was used to forecast the number of TCs that would occur over the extended season (June–September) issued by June 1 and over the peak season (July–September) issued by July 1. The three parameters of sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and 850-hPa vorticity (VOR850) were used as predictors, based on lag correlation coefficients with the TCs over the target region for 1979–2003. For the extended season prediction, the SST for February–April, the VOR850 for February 16–May 15, and the OLR for May 1–May 15 were chosen as predictors in the TC forecast system. The three predictors for the peak season prediction are delayed one month relative to those for the extended season prediction. The observed TCs over the target region mainly fall into the prediction range within 25% probability from the median during the period from 1979 to 2007. The method predicts the mean TC frequency with a high level of accuracy, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.69 and 0.71 and a root mean square error of 1.48 and 1.20 between the predicted and observed TCs for the extended and peak season forecasts, respectively. This TC prediction method may soon be used for operational purposes.
- 작성자Ho et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수68
- 2009
Spatial and seasonal variations of surface PM10 concentration and MODIS aerosol optical depth over China

Abstract: We examine the spatial and temporal variabilities of ground-observed concentrations of particulate matter with diame-ters ≤ 10 μm (PM10) over China and compare them with satellite-retrieved data on the aerosol optical depth (AOD) collected over the period 2003–2005 using a moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). Annual mean values of the PM10 concentrations and AOD show a strong spatial correlation, indicating the consistent presence of aerosol concentrations. However, the temporal correlation between the monthly values of the PM10 concentrations and AOD indicates a regional contrast in their seasonality. The correlation coefficients are 0.6 or higher in the southeastern coast region, whereas they are −0.6 or lower in the north-central region. The regional discrepancy is most likely due to the difference in the size distributions of aerosols. This is also supported by the data on the distribution of the Angstrom ex-ponent and fine mode fraction obtained from the MODIS. The characteristics of the aerosols with respect to coarse and fine particles are discussed in this study.
- 작성자Song et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수62
- 2009
Validation of the cloud property retrievals from the MTSAT-1R imagery using MODIS observations

Abstract: A cloud property retrieval algorithm optimized for five channels (centred at 0.6, 3.7, 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm) has been explored for application to onboard meteorological radiometers on geostationary satellites; however, its validity remains to be established. Here, we present validation results for the cloud properties retrieved by the developed algorithm from the full-disk imagery of the Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT-1R) for August 2006. The considered cloud properties include cloud phase (CP), cloud optical thickness (COT), effective radius (ER) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Their one-month averages, daily variations, and respective collocated values are compared with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud data. Our validation results show that an additional 6.7 μm brightness temperature test in CP retrieval identifies water and ice phases that may be overlooked in the 10.8- and 12.0-μm bands. Our method to extract cloud-reflected radiances at the 0.6- and 3.7-μm bands contributes to the accuracy of the COT for values between 5 and 60, and the ER for values less than 40 μm. Estimating high-cloud top pressure from the radiance ratio in the 6.7- and 10.8-μm bands remarkably reduces (by up to 70%) large uncertainties in the CTP, which may be found in the presence of high thin cirrus clouds.
- 작성자Choi and Ho
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수52
- 2009
Weekly periodicities of meteorological variables and their possible association with aerosols in Korea

Abstract: The weekly periodicities in meteorological variables and its association with aerosols in Korea are investigated using long-term surface measurements of meteorology (1975–2005) and aerosols (1999–2005). Through an analysis of the annual (and/or seasonal) values averaged over 10 stations, we identified distinct weekly periodicities in the daily minimum temperature (Tmin), diurnal temperature range (DTR), cloud fraction, and solar insolation, although they have different characteristics from each other. The weekly association among variables is discussed in this study. Positive anomalies of the cloud fraction and Tmin and negative anomalies of solar insolation and DTR are seen for the second half of the week and the reverse for the first half of the week, i.e., more cloudiness and less insolation for Wednesday−Thursday and less cloudiness and more insolation for Monday−Tuesday. Furthermore, seasonal dependence of weekly anomalies shows that the weekly periodicities are enhanced especially in autumn, more than 2–3 times as great as those of the annual mean. The weekly cycles in such variables are most likely driven by changes in cloud fraction, possibly through aerosol–cloud interactions induced by aerosol variations between working weekdays and Sunday, which are clearly identified in PM10 weekly cycles. This study also suggests that the weekly periodicities in meteorological variables are possibly associated with long-range transport of weekly periodicities, as well as aerosol–cloud-precipitation interactions over the region.
- 작성자Kim et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수51
- 2009
Change in the western North Pacific summer monsoon circulation due to the CO2 increase in IPCC AR4 CGCMs

In order to investigate the change in the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) caused by an increase in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), nine coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) designed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) are chosen, and their simulations are analyzed for the 20th century (20C3M) and CO2-quadrupling scenario (1pctto4x) experiments. The summer (JJA) mean climatology for several variables is analyzed in order to investigate the mean field change in the WNPSM circulation and the cause of this change. By performing the JJA mean analysis, we found that the rainfall over the WNPSM region, especially summer rainfall, increases with the CO2 concentration, which results from the enhanced conditional instability caused by the warm sea-surface temperature (SST) and increased moisture, despite a slight weakening of the low-level convergence. On the other hand, to examine the change in the interannual variability of the WNPSM, we performed a composite analysis of the differences between the strong and the weak monsoon years with respect to a newly defined WNPSM index. In the precipitation analysis, it was clarified that the monsoon variability would increase with global warming over the WNPSM region. The SST analysis revealed that the lag relationship between El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and WNPSM would be weakened with an increase in the CO2 concentration, implying that prediction of the WNPSM would become slightly difficult. On the basis of global warming scenario results obtained from the IPCC AR4 models, it is concluded that both the intensity and variability of the WNPSM would increase with CO2 concentration.
- 작성자Lee et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수53
- 2008
Characteristics of atmospheric circulation associated with cold surge occurrences in East Asia: A case study ...

Abstract: The characteristics of the upper-level circulation and thermodynamical properties for the period when two distinct cold surges broke out over East Asia during the 2005/06 winter are investigated. From early December 2005 to early January 2006, exceptionally cold weather lasted for approximately one month due to two successive cold surges that took place on 2 December 2005 and 2 January 2006, respectively. This study reveals that both involve the upper-tropospheric circulation, which induces the amplification and expansion of the surface Siberian high toward East Asia, but arose from different causes: the former is caused by the upper-level blocking originated from the North Pacific and the latter is caused by the upper-level wave train across the Eurasian Continent. In particular, it is suggested that the lower-tropospheric anomalous wind caused by upper-level circulation anomalies and a steep meridional temperature gradient amplified by phase-locked annual cycle combined to induce very strong cold advection in East Asia, which resulted in exceptionally cold weather that lasted for several weeks. The present results emphasize that the characteristics of the upper-tropospheric circulation can be considered as important precursors to cold surge occurrences in East Asia. Full title: Characteristics of atmospheric circulation associated with cold surge occurrences in East Asia: A case study during 2005/06 winter
- 작성자Park et al.
- 작성일2024.06.17
- 조회수69
- 2008